Learn about the laser diode, including package types, applications, drive circuitry, and some laser diode specifications. What...

In this article, we talk about the basics of optoelectronics, including a brief lecture on photons. Also, various optoelectronic dev...

Isolated Analog-to-Digital Conversion Isolation components, such as the ACPL-C799, allow you to transfer data without establishing a di...

In this article, we’ll discuss the PCB layout for a custom-designed arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) board. This is the fourt...

In designing digital circuits, the designer often begins with a truth table describing what the circuit should do. The design task is...

DeMorgan’s Theorems A mathematician named DeMorgan developed a pair of important rules regarding group complementation in Boolean a...

The Exclusive-OR Function (XOR) One element conspicuously missing from the set of Boolean operations is that of Exclusive-OR. Whe...

Boolean Rules for Simplification Boolean algebra finds its most practical use in the simplification of logic circuits. If we trans...

Boolean Algebraic Properties Another type of mathematical identity, called a “property” or a “law,” describes how differing vari...

Boolean Algebraic Identities In mathematics, an  identity  is a statement true for all possible values of its variable or variable...

Boolean Arithmetic Let us begin our exploration of Boolean algebra by adding numbers together:

Introduction A universal logic gate is a logic gate that can be used to construct all other logic gates.  There are many articles a...

Complete Solar Panel Installation Design & Calculations with Solved Examples  Below is a Complete Note on  Solar Panel design instal...

Mutual inductance and basic operation Suppose we were to wrap a coil of insulated wire around a loop of ferromagnetic material and energ...

Low-pass filters   High-pass filters Band-pass filters Band-stop filters Resonant filters It is sometimes desirable to h...

AC Instrumentation Transducers Transducer Just as devices have been made to measure certain physical quantities and repeat that inform...

AC Capacitor/Resistor Circuits 1. AC Capacitor  Circuits Capacitors do not behave the same as resistors. Whereas resistors allow a f...

Measurements of AC magnitude So far we know that AC voltage alternates in polarity and AC current alternates in direction. We also kno...

Alternating current Most students of electricity begin their study with what is known as  direct current  (DC), which is electricity flo...