An Introduction to Laser Diodes

Learn about the laser diode, including package types, applications, drive circuitry, and some laser diode specifications.

What's a Laser Diode?

A laser diode is a semiconductor laser device that is very similar, in both form and operation, to a light-emitting diode (LED).

An Introduction to Optoelectronics

In this article, we talk about the basics of optoelectronics, including a brief lecture on photons. Also, various optoelectronic devices will be discussed including lamps, LEDs, photodiodes, photoresistors, laser diodes, and others.

What Are Optoelectronics?

The term optoelectronics is a specific discipline of electronics that focuses on light-emitting or light-detecting devices.

Isolated Analog-to-Digital Conversion: A New Sigma-Delta Modulator from Broadcom

Isolated Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Isolation components, such as the ACPL-C799, allow you to transfer data without establishing a direct electrical connection between two parts of a system.

Galvanic isolation is an important design technique when one portion of a circuit must be separated from the voltages or currents in another portion of the system. Actually, though, galvanic isolation by itself is not complicated—just don’t establish a conductive path between the two sub circuits. The trick is moving electrical information between these sub circuits.

PCB Layout for an Arbitrary Waveform Generator

In this article, we’ll discuss the PCB layout for a custom-designed arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) board.

This is the fourth article that I’ve written about the design of my AWG PCB. This is what the board looks like:

Converting Truth Tables into Boolean Expressions

In designing digital circuits, the designer often begins with a truth table describing what the circuit should do. The design task is largely to determine what type of circuit will perform the function described in the truth table. While some people seem to have a natural ability to look at a truth table and immediately envision the necessary logic gate or relay logic circuitry for the task, there are procedural techniques available for the rest of us. Here, Boolean algebra proves its utility in a most dramatic way.

DeMorgan’s Theorems-Boolean Algebra Part-6

DeMorgan’s Theorems

A mathematician named DeMorgan developed a pair of important rules regarding group complementation in Boolean algebra. By group complementation, I’m referring to the complement of a group of terms, represented by a long bar over more than one variable.

You should recall from the chapter on logic gates that inverting all inputs to a gate reverses that

The Exclusive-OR Function (XOR)-Boolean Algebra Part-5

• • The Exclusive-OR Function (XOR)

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    One element conspicuously missing from the set of Boolean operations is that of Exclusive-OR. Whereas the OR function is equivalent to Boolean addition, the AND function to Boolean multiplication, and the NOT function (inverter) to Boolean complementation, there is no direct Boolean equivalent for Exclusive-OR. This hasn’t stopped people from developing a symbol to represent it, though:

    
    

    
    

Boolean Rules for Simplification-Boolean Algebra -Part 4

Boolean Rules for Simplification

Boolean algebra finds its most practical use in the simplification of logic circuits. If we translate a logic circuit’s function into symbolic (Boolean) form, and apply certain algebraic rules to the resulting equation to reduce the number of terms and/or arithmetic operations, the simplified equation may be translated back into circuit form for a logic circuit performing the same function with fewer components. If equivalent function may be achieved with fewer components, the result will be increased reliability and decreased cost of manufacture.

Boolean Algebraic Properties-Boolean Algebra Part-3

Boolean Algebraic Properties

Another type of mathematical identity, called a “property” or a “law,” describes how differing variables relate to each other in a system of numbers. One of these properties is known as the commutative property, and it applies equally to addition and multiplication. In essence, the commutative property tells us we can reverse the order of variables that are either added together or multiplied together without changing the truth of the expression:

Boolean Algebraic Identities-Boolean Algebra-Part 2

Boolean Algebraic Identities

In mathematics, an identity is a statement true for all possible values of its variable or variables. The algebraic identity of x + 0 = x tells us that anything (x) added to zero equals the original “anything,” no matter what value that “anything” (x) may be. Like ordinary algebra, Boolean algebra has its own unique identities based on the bivalent states of Boolean variables.

Boolean Arithmetic-Boolean Algebra- Part -1

Boolean Arithmetic

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Let us begin our exploration of Boolean algebra by adding numbers together:

Universal Logic Gates

Introduction

A universal logic gate is a logic gate that can be used to construct all other logic gates.  There are many articles about how NAND and NOR are universal gates, but many of these articles omit other gates that are also universal gates. This article covers two input logic gates, demonstrates that the NAND gate is a universal gate, and demonstrates how other gates are universal gates that can be used to construct any logic gate.

Solar Panel Installation Design

Complete Solar Panel Installation Design & Calculations with Solved Examples 

Below is a Complete Note on Solar Panel design installation, calculation about No of solar panels, batteries rating / backup time, inverter/UPS rating, load and required power in Watts. with Circuit, wiring diagrams and solved examples.

If you pick this article related to solar panel installation, You will be able to;

  To calculate the no of solar panel (with rating)

  To calculate the rating of Solar panel

Transformer-Mutual inductance and basic operation

Mutual inductance and basic operation

Suppose we were to wrap a coil of insulated wire around a loop of ferromagnetic material and energize this coil with an AC voltage source:

As an inductor, we would expect this iron-core coil to oppose the applied voltage with its

What is a Filter?

Low-pass filters 

High-pass filters

Band-pass filters

Band-stop filters

Resonant filters

It is sometimes desirable to have circuits capable of selectively filtering one frequency or range

Instrumentation Transducers

AC Instrumentation Transducers

Transducer

Just as devices have been made to measure certain physical quantities and repeat that information in the form of DC electrical signals (thermocouples, strain gauges, pH probes, etc.),

AC Capacitor & Resistor Circuits

AC Capacitor/Resistor Circuits

1. AC Capacitor  Circuits

Capacitors do not behave the same as resistors. Whereas resistors allow a flow of electrons through them directly proportional to the voltage drop, capacitors oppose changes in voltage by drawing or supplying current as they charge or discharge to the new voltage level. The flow of electrons "through" a capacitor is directly proportional to the rate of change of voltage across the capacitor. This opposition to voltage change is another form of reactance, but one that is precisely opposite to the kind exhibited by inductors.

How to Measurements of AC magnitude?

Measurements of AC magnitude

So far we know that AC voltage alternates in polarity and AC current alternates in direction. We also know that AC can alternate in a variety of different ways, and by tracing the alternation over time we can plot it as a "waveform." We can measure the rate of alternation by measuring the time it takes for a wave to evolve before it repeats itself (the "period"), and express this as cycles per unit time, or "frequency." In music, frequency is the same as pitch, which is the essential property distinguishing one note from another.

What is alternating current (AC)?

Alternating current

Most students of electricity begin their study with what is known as direct current (DC), which is electricity flowing in a constant direction, and/or possessing a voltage with constant polarity. DC is the kind of electricity made by a battery (with definite positive and negative terminals), or the kind of charge generated by rubbing certain types of materials against each other.

The Most Successful People Explain Why a College Degree is USELESS