EIA-Technology for Volt & Current: Vector Group of Transformer

Vector Groupof Transformer

Introduction:

Three phase transformer consists of three sets of primary windings, one for each phase, and three sets of secondary windings wound on the same iron core. Separate single-phase transformers can be used and externally interconnected to yield the same results as a 3-phase unit.

The primary windings are connected in one of several ways. The two most common configurations are the delta, in which the polarity end of one winding is connected to the non-polarity end of the next, and the star, in which all three non-polarities (or polarity) ends are connected together. The secondary windings are connected similarly. This means that a 3-phase transformer can have its primary and secondary windings connected the same (delta-delta or star-star), or differently (delta-star or star-delta).

It’s important to remember that the secondary voltage waveforms are in phase with the primary waveforms when the primary and secondary windings are connected the same way. This condition is called “no phase shift.” But when the primary and secondary windings are connected differently, the secondary voltage waveforms will differ from the corresponding primary voltage waveforms by 30 electrical degrees. This is called a 30 degree phase shift. When two transformers are connected in parallel, their phase shifts must be identical; if not, a short circuit will occur when the transformers are energized.”

Basic Idea of Winding:

An ac voltage applied to a coil will induce a voltage in a second coil where the two are linked by a magnetic path. The phase relationship of the two voltages depends upon which ways round the coils are connected. The voltages will either be in-phase or displaced by 180 deg
When 3 coils are used in a 3 phase transformer winding a number of options exist. The coil voltages can be in phase or displaced as above with the coils connected in star or delta and, in the case of a star winding, have the star point (neutral) brought out to an external terminal or not.

Six Ways to wire Star Winding:

Six Ways to wire Delta Winding:

Polarity:

An ac voltage applied to a coil will induce a voltage in a second coil where the two are linked by a magnetic path. The phase relationship of the two voltages depends upon which way round the coils are connected. The voltages will either be in-phase or displaced by 180 deg.
When 3 coils are used in a 3 phase transformer winding a number of options exist. The coil voltages can be in phase or displaced as above with the coils connected in star or delta and, in the case of a star winding, have the star point (neutral) brought out to an external terminal or not.

When Pair of Coil of Transformer have same direction than voltage induced in both coil are in same direction from one end to other end.
When two coil have opposite winding direction than Voltage induced in both coil are in opposite direction.

Winding connection designations:

First Symbol: for High Voltage: Always capital letters.
D=Delta, Y=Star, Z=Interconnected star, N=Neutral
Second Symbol: for Low voltage: Always Small letters.
d=Delta, y=Star, z=Interconnected star, n=Neutral.
Third Symbol: Phase displacement expressed as the clock hour number (1,6,11)
Example – Dyn11Transformer has a delta connected primary winding (D) a star connected secondary (y) with the star point brought out (n) and a phase shift of 30 deg leading (11).
The point of confusion is occurring in notation in a step-up transformer. As the IEC60076-1 standard has stated, the notation is HV-LV in sequence. For example, a step-up transformer with a delta-connected primary, and star-connected secondary, is not written as ‘dY11’, but ‘Yd11’. The 11 indicates the LV winding leads the HV by 30 degrees.
Transformers built to ANSI standards usually do not have the vector group shown on their nameplate and instead a vector diagram is given to show the relationship between the primary and other windings.

Vector Group of Transformer:

The three phase transformer windings can be connected several ways. Based on the windings’ connection, the vector group of the transformer is determined.
The transformer vector group is indicated on the Name Plate of transformer by the manufacturer.

The vector group indicates the phase difference between the primary and secondary sides, introduced due to that particular configuration of transformer windings connection.
The Determination of vector group of transformers is very important before connecting two or more transformers in parallel. If two transformers of different vector groups are connected in parallel then phase difference exist between the secondary of the transformers and large circulating current flows between the two transformers which is very detrimental.

Phase Displacement between HV and LV Windings:

The vector for the high voltage winding is taken as the reference vector. Displacement of the vectors of other windings from the reference vector, with anticlockwise rotation, is represented by the use of clock hour figure.
IS: 2026 (Part 1V)-1977 gives 26 sets of connections star-star, star-delta, and star zigzag, delta-delta, delta star, delta-zigzag, zigzag star, zigzag-delta. Displacement of the low voltage winding vector varies from zero to -330° in steps of -30°, depending on the method of connections.
Hardly any power system adopts such a large variety of connections. Some of the commonly used connections with phase displacement of 0, -300, -180″ and -330° (clock-hour setting 0, 1, 6 and 11).
Symbol for the high voltage winding comes first, followed by the symbols of windings in diminishing sequence of voltage. For example a 220/66/11 kV Transformer connected star, star and delta and vectors of 66 and 11 kV windings having phase displacement of 0° and -330° with the reference (220 kV) vector will be represented As Yy0 – Yd11.
The digits (0, 1, 11 etc) relate to the phase displacement between the HV and LV windings using a clock face notation. The phasor representing the HV winding is taken as reference and set at 12 o’clock. Phase rotation is always anti-clockwise. (International adopted).
Use the hour indicator as the indicating phase displacement angle. Because there are 12 hours on a clock, and a circle consists out of 360°, each hour represents 30°.Thus 1 = 30°, 2 = 60°, 3 = 90°, 6 = 180° and 12 = 0° or 360°.
The minute hand is set on 12 o’clock and replaces the line to neutral voltage (sometimes imaginary) of the HV winding. This position is always the reference point.
Example:
Digit 0 =0° that the LV phasor is in phase with the HV phasor

Digit 1 =30° lagging (LV lags HV with 30°) because rotation is anti-clockwise.
Digit 11 = 330° lagging or 30° leading (LV leads HV with 30°)
Digit 5 = 150° lagging (LV lags HV with 150°)
Digit 6 = 180° lagging (LV lags HV with 180°)
When transformers are operated in parallel it is important that any phase shift is the same through each. Paralleling typically occurs when transformers are located at one site and connected to a common bus bar (banked) or located at different sites with the secondary terminals connected via distribution or transmission circuits consisting of cables and overhead lines.

Phase Shift (Deg)	Connection
0	Yy0	Dd0	Dz0
30 lag	Yd1	Dy1	Yz1
60 lag		Dd2	Dz2
120 lag		Dd4	Dz4
150 lag	Yd5	Dy5	Yz5
180 lag	Yy6	Dd6	Dz6
150 lead	Yd7	Dy7	Yz7
120 lead		Dd8	Dz8
60 lead		Dd10	Dz10
30 lead	Yd11	Dy11	Yz11

The phase-bushings on a three phase transformer are marked either ABC, UVW or 123 (HV-side capital, LV-side small letters). Two winding, three phase transformers can be divided into four main categories

Group	O’clock	TC
Group I	0 o’clock, 0°	delta/delta, star/star
Group II	6 o’clock, 180°	delta/delta, star/star
Group III	1 o’clock, -30°	star/delta, delta/star
Group IV	11 o’clock, +30°	star/delta, delta/star
Minus indicates LV lagging HV, plus indicates LV leading HV

Clock Notation: 0

Clock Notation : 1

Clock Notation: 2

Clock Notation: 4

Clock Notation: 5

Clock Notation: 6

Clock Notation: 7

Clock Notation: 11

Points to be consider while Selecting of Vector Group:

Vector Groups are the IEC method of categorizing the primary and secondary winding configurations of 3-phase transformers. Windings can be connected as delta, star, or interconnected-star (zigzag). Winding polarity is also important, since reversing the connections across a set of windings affects the phase-shift between primary and secondary. Vector groups identify the winding connections and polarities of the primary and secondary. From a vector group one can determine the phase-shift between primary and secondary.
Transformer vector group depends upon
1. Removing harmonics: Dy connection – y winding nullifies 3rd harmonics, preventing it to be reflected on delta side.
2. Parallel operations: All the transformers should have same vector group & polarity of the winding.
3. Earth fault Relay: A Dd transformer does not have neutral. to restrict the earth faults in such systems, we may use zig zag wound transformer to create a neutral along with the earth fault relay..
4. Type of Non Liner Load: systems having different types of harmonics & non linear Types of loads e.g. furnace heaters ,VFDS etc for that we may use Dyn11, Dyn21, Dyn31 configuration, wherein, 30 deg. shifts of voltages nullifies the 3rd harmonics to zero in the supply system.
5. Type of Transformer Application: Generally for Power export transformer i.e. generator side is connected in delta and load side is connected in star. For Power export import transformers i.e. in Transmission Purpose Transformer star star connection may be preferred by some since this avoids a grounding transformer on generator side and perhaps save on neutral insulation. Most of systems are running in this configuration. May be less harmful than operating delta system incorrectly. Yd or Dy connection is standard for all unit connected generators.
6. There are a number of factors associated with transformer connections and may be useful in designing a system, and the application of the factors therefore determines the best selection of transformers. For example:

For selecting Star Connection:

A star connection presents a neutral. If the transformer also includes a delta winding, that neutral will be stable and can be grounded to become a reference for the system. A transformer with a star winding that does NOT include a delta does not present a stable neutral.
Star-star transformers are used if there is a requirement to avoid a 30deg phase shift, if there is a desire to construct the three-phase transformer bank from single-phase transformers, or if the transformer is going to be switched on a single-pole basis (ie, one phase at a time), perhaps using manual switches.
Star-star transformers are typically found in distribution applications, or in large sizes interconnecting high-voltage transmission systems. Some star-star transformers are equipped with a third winding connected in delta to stabilize the neutral.

For selecting Delta Connection:

A delta connection introduces a 30 electrical degree phase shift.
A delta connection ‘traps’ the flow of zero sequence currents.

For selecting Delta-Star Connection:

Delta-star transformers are the most common and most generally useful transformers.
Delta-delta transformers may be chosen if there is no need for a stable neutral, or if there is a requirement to avoid a 30 electrical degree phase shift. The most common application of a delta-delta transformer is as tan isolation transformer for a power converter.

For selecting Zig zag Connection:

The Zig Zag winding reduces voltage unbalance in systems where the load is not equally distributed between phases, and permits neutral current loading with inherently low zero-sequence impedance. It is therefore often used for earthing transformers.
Provision of a neutral earth point or points, where the neutral is referred to earth either directly or through impedance. Transformers are used to give the neutral point in the majority of systems. The star or interconnected star (Z) winding configurations give a neutral location. If for various reasons, only delta windings are used at a particular voltage level on a particular system, a neutral point can still be provided by a purpose-made transformer called a ‘neutral earthing.

For selecting Distribution Transformer:

The first criterion to consider in choosing a vector group for a distribution transformer for a facility is to know whether we want a delta-star or star-star. Utilities often prefer star-star transformers, but these require 4-wire input feeders and 4-wire output feeders (i.e. incoming and outgoing neutral conductors).
For distribution transformers within a facility, often delta-star are chosen because these transformers do not require 4-wire input; a 3-wire primary feeder circuit suffices to supply a 4-wire secondary circuit. That is because any zero sequence current required by the secondary to supply earth faults or unbalanced loads is supplied by the delta primary winding, and is not required from the upstream power source. The method of earthing on the secondary is independent of the primary for delta-star transformers.
The second criterion to consider is what phase-shift you want between primary and secondary. For example, Dy11 and Dy5 transformers are both delta-star. If we don’t care about the phase-shift, then either transformer will do the job. Phase-shift is important when we are paralleling sources. We want the phase-shifts of the sources to be identical.
If we are paralleling transformers, then you want them to have the same the same vector group. If you are replacing a transformer, use the same vector group for the new transformer, otherwise the existing VTs and CTs used for protection and metering will not work properly.
There is no technical difference between the one vector groups (i.e. Yd1) or another vector group (i.e. Yd11) in terms of performance. The only factor affecting the choice between one or the other is system phasing, ie whether parts of the network fed from the transformer need to operate in parallel with another source. It also matters if you have an auxiliary transformer connected to generator terminals. Vector matching at the auxiliary bus bar

Application of Transformer according to Vector Group:

(1) (Dyn11, Dyn1, YNd1, YNd11)

Common for distribution transformers.
Normally Dyn11 vector group using at distribution system. Because Generating Transformer are YNd1 for neutralizing the load angle between 11 and 1.
We can use Dyn1 at distribution system, when we are using Generator Transformer are YNd11.
In some industries 6 pulse electric drives are using due to this 5thharmonics will generate if we use Dyn1 it will be suppress the 5th harmonics.
Star point facilitates mixed loading of three phase and single phase consumer connections.
The delta winding carry third harmonics and stabilizes star point potential.
A delta-Star connection is used for step-up generating stations. If HV winding is star connected there will be saving in cost of insulation.
But delta connected HV winding is common in distribution network, for feeding motors and lighting loads from LV side.

(2) Star-Star (Yy0 or Yy6)

Mainly used for large system tie-up Transformer.
Most economical connection in HV power system to interconnect between two delta systems and to provide neutral for grounding both of them.
Tertiary winding stabilizes the neutral conditions. In star connected transformers, load can be connected between line and neutral, only if

(a) the source side transformers is delta connected or

(b) the source side is star connected with neutral connected back to the source neutral.
In This Transformers. Insulation cost is highly reduced. Neutral wire can permit mixed loading.
Triple harmonics are absent in the lines. These triple harmonic currents cannot flow, unless there is a neutral wire. This connection produces oscillating neutral.
Three phase shell type units have large triple harmonic phase voltage. However three phase core type transformers work satisfactorily.
A tertiary mesh connected winding may be required to stabilize the oscillating neutral due to third harmonics in three phase banks.

(3) Delta – Delta (Dd 0 or Dd 6)

This is an economical connection for large low voltage transformers.
Large unbalance of load can be met without difficulty.
Delta permits a circulating path for triple harmonics thus attenuates the same.
It is possible to operate with one transformer removed in open delta or” V” connection meeting 58 percent of the balanced load.
Three phase units cannot have this facility. Mixed single phase loading is not possible due to the absence of neutral.

(4) Star-Zig-zag or Delta-Zig-zag (Yz or Dz)

These connections are employed where delta connections are weak. Interconnection of phases in zigzag winding effects a reduction of third harmonic voltages and at the same time permits unbalanced loading.
This connection may be used with either delta connected or star connected winding either for step-up or step-down transformers. In either case, the zigzag winding produces the same angular displacement as a delta winding, and at the same time provides a neutral for earthing purposes.
The amount of copper required from a zigzag winding in 15% more than a corresponding star or delta winding. This is extensively used for earthing transformer.
Due to zigzag connection (interconnection between phases), third harmonic voltages are reduced. It also allows unbalanced loading. The zigzag connection is employed for LV winding. For a given total voltage per phase, the zigzag side requires 15% more turns as compared to normal phase connection. In cases where delta connections are weak due to large number of turns and small cross sections, then zigzag star connection is preferred. It is also used in rectifiers.

(5) Zig- zag/ star (ZY1 or Zy11)

Zigzag connection is obtained by inter connection of phases.4-wire system is possible on both sides. Unbalanced loading is also possible. Oscillating neutral problem is absent in this connection.
This connection requires 15% more turns for the same voltage on the zigzag side and hence costs more. Hence a bank of three single phase transformers cost about 15% more than their 3-phase counterpart. Also, they occupy more space. But the spare capacity cost will be less and single phase units are easier to transport.
Unbalanced operation of the transformer with large zero sequence fundamental mmf content also does not affect its performance. Even with Yy type of poly phase connection without neutral connection the oscillating neutral does not occur with these cores. Finally, three phase cores themselves cost less than three single phase units due to compactness.

(6) Yd5:

Mainly used for machine and main Transformer in large Power Station and Transmission Substation.
The Neutral point can be loaded with rated Current.

(7) Yz-5

For Distribution Transformer up to 250MVA for local distribution system.
The Neutral point can be loaded with rated Current.

Application of Transformer according according to Uses:

Step up Transformer: It should be Yd1 or Yd11.
Step down Transformer: It should be Dy1 or Dy11.
Grounding purpose Transformer: It should be Yz1 or Dz11.
Distribution Transformer: We can consider vector group of Dzn0 which reduce the 75% of harmonics in secondary side.
Power Transformer: Vector group is deepen on application for Example : Generating Transformer : Dyn1 , Furnace Transformer: Ynyn0.

Convert One Group of Transformer to Other Group by Channing External Connection:

(1) Group I: Example: Dd0 (no phase displacement between HV and LV).

The conventional method is to connect the red phase on A/a, Yellow phase on B/b, and the Blue phase on C/c.
Other phase displacements are possible with unconventional connections (for instance red on b, yellow on c and blue on a) By doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the Transformer, an internal connected Dd0 transformer can be changed either to a Dd4(-120°) or Dd8(+120°) connection. The same is true for internal connected Dd4 or Dd8 transformers.

(2) Group II: Example: Dd6 (180° displacement between HV and LV).

By doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the Transformer, an internal connected Dd6 transformer can be changed either to a Dd2(-60°) or Dd10(+60°) connection.

(3) Group III: Example: Dyn1 (-30° displacement between HV and LV).

By doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the Transformer, an internal connected Dyn1 transformer can be changed either to a Dyn5(-150°) or Dyn9(+90°) connection.

(4) Group IV: Example: Dyn11 (+30° displacement between HV and LV).

By doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the Transformer, an internal connected Dyn11 transformer can be changed either to a Dyn7(+150°) or Dyn3(-90°) connection.

Point to be remembered:

For Group-III & Group-IV: By doing some unconventional connections externally on both sides of the Transformer, an internal connected Group-III or Group-IV transformer can be changed to any of these two groups.
Thus by doing external changes on both sides of the Transformer an internal connected Dyn1 transformer can be changed to either a: Dyn3, Dyn5, Dyn7, Dyn9 or Dyn11 transformer, This is just true for star/delta or delta/star connections.
For Group-I & Group-II: Changes for delta/delta or star/star transformers between Group-I and Group-III can just be done internally.

Why 30°phase shift occur in star-delta transformer between primary and secondary?

The phase shift is a natural consequence of the delta connection. The currents entering or leaving the star winding of the transformer are in phase with the currents in the star windings. Therefore, the currents in the delta windings are also in phase with the currents in the star windings and obviously, the three currents are 120 electrical degrees apart.
But the currents entering or leaving the transformer on the delta side are formed at the point where two of the windings comprising the delta come together – each of those currents is the phasor sum of the currents in the adjacent windings.
When you add together two currents that are 120 electrical degrees apart, the sum is inevitably shifted by 30 degrees.

The Main reason for this phenomenon is that the phase voltage lags line current by 30degrees.consider a delta/star transformer. The phase voltages in three phases of both primary and secondary. you will find that in primary the phase voltage and line voltages are same, let it be VRY(take one phase).but, the corresponding secondary will have the phase voltage only in its phase winding as it is star connected. the line voltage of star connected secondary and delta connected primary won’t have any phase differences between them. so this can be summarized that “the phase shift is associated with the wave forms of the three phase windings.

Why when Generating Transformer is Yd1 than Distribution Transformer is Dy11:

This is the HV Side or the Switchyard side of the Generator Transformer is connected in Delta and the LV Side or the generator side of the GT is connected in Star, with the Star side neutral brought out.
The LV side voltage will “lag” the HV side voltage by 30 degrees.
Thus, in a generating station we create a 30 degrees lagging voltage for transmission, with respect to the generator voltage.
As we have created a 30 degrees lagging connection in the generating station, it is advisable to create a 30 degrees leading connection in distribution so that the user voltage is “in phase” with the generated voltage. And, as the transmission side is Delta and the user might need three phase, four-wire in the LV side for his single phase loads, the distribution transformer is chosen as Dyn11.
There is magnetic coupling between HT and LT. When the load side (LT) suffers some dip the LT current try to go out of phase with HT current, so 30 degree phase shift in Dyn-11 keeps the two currents in phase when there is dip.
So the vector group at the generating station is important while selecting distribution Transformer.

Vector Group in Generating-Transmission-Distribution System:

Generating TC is Yd1 transmitted power at 400KV, for 400KV to 220KV Yy is used and by using Yd between e.g. 220 and 66 kV, then Dy from 66 to 11 kV so that their phase shifts can be cancelled out. And for LV (400/230V) supplies at 50 Hz are usually 3 phase, earthed neutral, so a “Dyn” LV winding is needed. Here GT side -30lag (Yd1) can be nullify +30 by using distribution Transformer of Dy11.
A reason for using Yd between e.g. 220 and 66 kV, then Dy from 66 to 11 kV is that their phase shifts can cancel out and It is then also possible to parallel a 220/11 kV YY transformer, at 11 kV, with the 66/11 kV (a YY transformer often has a third, delta, winding to reduce harmonics). If one went Dy11 – Dy11 from 220 to 11 kV, there would be a 60 degree shift, which is not possible in one transformer. The “standard” transformer groups in distribution avoid that kind of limitation, as a result of thought and experience leading to lowest cost over many years.

Generator TC is Yd1, Can we use Distribution TC Dy5 instead of Dy11.

With regards to theory, there are no special advantages of Dyn11 over Dyn5.
In Isolation Application: In isolated applications there is no advantage or disadvantage by using Dy5 or Dy11. If however we wish to interconnect the secondary sides of different Dny transformers, we must have compatible transformers, and that can be achieved if you have a Dyn11 among a group of Dyn5’s and vice versa.
In Parallel Connection: Practically, the relative places of the phases remain same in Dyn11 compared to Dyn5.
If we use Yd1 Transformer on Generating Side and Distribution side Dy11 transformer than -30 lag of generating side (Yd1) is nullify by +30 Lead at Receiving side Dy11) so no phase difference respect to generating Side and if we are on the HV side of the Transformer, and if we denote the phases as R- Y-B from left to right, the same phases on the LV side will be R- Y -B, but from left to Right.
This will make the Transmission lines have same color (for identification) whether it is input to or output from the Transformer.
If we use Yd1 Transformer on Generating Side and Distribution side Dy5 transformer than -30 lag of generating side (Yd1) is more lag by -150 Lag at Receiving side (Dy5) so Total phase difference respect to generating Side is 180 deg (-30+-150=-180) and if we are on the HV side of the Transformer, and if we denote the phases as R- Y-B from left to right, the same phases on the LV side will be R- Y -B, but from Right to Left.
This will make the Transmission lines have No same color (for identification) whether it is input to or output from the Transformer.
The difference in output between the Dyn11 and Dny5 and is therefore 180 degrees.