Parallel Operation of Transformers
Introduction:
§ For supplying a load in excess of the rating of an existing
transformer, two or more transformers may be connected in parallel with the
existing transformer. The transformers are connected in parallel when load on
one of the transformers is more than its capacity. The reliability is increased
with parallel operation than to have single larger unit. The cost associated
with maintaining the spares is less when two transformers are connected in
parallel.
§ It is usually economical to install another transformer in
parallel instead of replacing the existing transformer by a single larger unit.
The cost of a spare unit in the case of two parallel transformers (of equal
rating) is also lower than that of a single large transformer. In addition, it
is preferable to have a parallel transformer for the reason of reliability.
With this at least half the load can be supplied with one transformer out of
service.
Condition for Parallel Operation of Transformer
§ For parallel connection of transformers, primary windings of the
Transformers are connected to source bus-bars and secondary windings are
connected to the load bus-bars.
§ Various conditions that must be fulfilled for the successful
parallel operation of transformers:
1.
Same voltage Ratio & Turns
Ratio (both primary and secondary Voltage Rating is same).
2.
Same Percentage Impedance and X/R
ratio.
3.
Identical Position of Tap changer.
4.
Same KVA ratings.
5.
Same Phase angle shift (vector group
are same).
6.
Same Frequency rating.
7.
Same Polarity.
8.
Same Phase sequence.
§ Some of these conditions are convenient and some are mandatory.
§ The convenient are: Same voltage Ratio & Turns Ratio, Same Percentage
Impedance, Same KVA Rating, Same Position of Tap changer.
§ The mandatory conditions are: Same Phase Angle Shift, Same
Polarity, Same Phase Sequence and Same Frequency.
§ When the convenient conditions are not met paralleled operation is
possible but not optimal.
1. Same voltage Ratio & Turns Ratio (on each tap):
§ If the transformers connected in
parallel have slightly different voltage ratios, then due to the inequality of
induced emfs in the secondary windings, a circulating current will flow in the
loop formed by the secondarywindings under the no-load condition, which may be
much greater than the normal no-load current.
§ The current will be quite high as the leakage impedance is low.
When the secondary windings are loaded, this circulating current will tend to
produce unequal loading on the two transformers, and it may not be possible to
take the full load from this group of two parallel transformers (one of the
transformers may get overloaded).
§ If two transformers of different voltage ratio are connected in
parallel with same primary supply voltage, there will be a difference in
secondary voltages.
§ Now when the secondary of these transformers are connected to same
bus, there will be a circulating current between secondary’s and therefore
between primaries also. As the internal impedance of transformer is small, a
small voltage difference may cause sufficiently high circulating current
causing unnecessary extra I2R loss.
§ The ratings of both primaries and secondary’s should be identical.
In other words, the transformers should have the same turn ratio i.e.
transformation ratio.
2. Same percentage impedance and X/R ratio:
§ If two transformers connected in parallel with similar
per-unit impedances they will mostly share the load in the ration of their KVA
ratings. Here Load is mostly equal because it is possible to have two
transformers with equal per-unit impedances but different X/R ratios. In this
case the line current will be less than the sum of the transformer currents and
the combined capacity will be reduced accordingly.
§ A difference in the ratio of the reactance value to resistance
value of the per unit impedance results in a different phase angle of the
currents carried by the two paralleled transformers; one transformer will be
working with a higher power factor and the other with a lower power factor than
that of the combined output. Hence, the real power will not be proportionally
shared by the transformers.
§ The current shared by two transformers running in parallel should
be proportional to their MVA ratings.
§ The current carried by these transformers are inversely
proportional to their internal impedance.
§ From the above two statements it can be said that impedance of
transformers running in parallel are inversely proportional to their MVA ratings.
In other words percentage impedance or per unit values of impedance should be
identical for all the transformers run in parallel.
§ When connecting single-phase transformers in three-phase banks,
proper impedance matching becomes even more critical. In addition to following
the three rules for parallel operation, it is also a good practice to try to
match the X/R ratios of the three series impedances to keep
the three-phase output voltages balanced.
§ When single-phase transformers with the same KVA ratings are
connected in a Y-∆ Bank, impedance mismatches can cause a significant load
unbalance among the transformers
§ Lets examine following different type of case among Impedance,
Ratio and KVA.
§ If single-phase transformers are connected in a Y-Y bank with an
isolated neutral, then the magnetizing impedance should also be equal on an
ohmic basis. Otherwise, the transformer having the largest magnetizing
impedance will have a highest percentage of exciting voltage, increasing the
core losses of that transformer and possibly driving its core into saturation.
Case 1: Equal Impedance, Ratios and Same kVA:
§ The standard method of connecting
transformers in parallel is to have the same turn ratios, percent impedances,
and kVA ratings.
§ Connecting transformers in parallel with the same parameters
results in equal load sharing and no circulating currents in the transformer
windings.
§ Example: Connecting two 2000 kVA, 5.75%
impedance transformers in parallel, each with the same turn ratios to a 4000
kVA load.
§ Loading on the transformers-1 =KVA1=[( KVA1 / %Z) / ((KVA1 / %Z1)+
(KVA2 / %Z2))]X KVAl
§ kVA1 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA.
§ Loading on the transformers-2 =KVA1=[( KVA2 / %Z) / ((KVA1 / %Z1)+
(KVA2 / %Z2))]X KVAl
§ kVA2 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA
§ Hence KVA1=KVA2=2000KVA
Case 2: Equal Impedances, Ratios and Different kVA:
§ This Parameter is not in common
practice for new installations, sometimes two transformers with different kVAs
and the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this
situation, the current division causes each transformer to carry its rated
load. There will be no circulating currents because the voltages (turn ratios)
are the same.
§ Example: Connecting 3000 kVA and 1000 kVA
transformers in parallel, each with 5.75% impedance, each with the same turn
ratios, connected to a common 4000 kVA load.
§ Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 522 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 3000
kVA
§ Loading on Transformer-1=kVA2 = 174 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 1000
kVA
§ From above calculation it is seen that different kVA ratings on
transformers connected to one common load, that current division causes each
transformer to only be loaded to its kVA rating. The key here is that the
percent impedance are the same.
Case 3: Unequal Impedance but Same Ratios & kVA:
§ Mostly used this Parameter to enhance
plant power capacity by connecting existing transformers in parallel that have
the same kVA rating, but with different percent impedances.
§ This is common when budget constraints limit the purchase of a new
transformer with the same parameters.
§ We need to understand is that the current divides in inverse
proportions to the impedances, and larger current flows through the smaller
impedance. Thus, the lower percent impedance transformer can be overloaded when
subjected to heavy loading while the other higher percent impedance transformer
will be lightly loaded.
§ Example: Two 2000 kVA transformers in parallel,
one with 5.75% impedance and the other with 4% impedance, each with the same
turn ratios, connected to a common 3500 kVA load.
§ Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 348 / (348 + 500) x 3500 = 1436 kVA
§ Loading on Transformer-2=kVA2 = 500 / (348 + 500) x 3500 = 2064 kVA
§ It can be seen that because transformer percent impedances do not
match, they cannot be loaded to their combined kVA rating. Load division
between the transformers is not equal. At below combined rated kVA loading, the
4% impedance transformer is overloaded by 3.2%, while the 5.75% impedance
transformer is loaded by 72%.
Case 4: Unequal Impedance & KVA Same Ratios:
§ This particular of transformers used
rarely in industrial and commercial facilities connected to one common bus with
different kVA and unequal percent impedances. However, there may be that one
situation where two single-ended substations may be tied together via bussing
or cables to provide better voltage support when starting large Load.
§ If the percent impedance and kVA ratings are different, care
should be taken when loading these transformers.
§ Example: Two transformers in parallel with
one 3000 kVA (kVA1) with 5.75% impedance, and the other a 1000 kVA (kVA2) with
4% impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 3500 kVA
load.
§ Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 522 / (522 + 250) x 3500 = 2366 kVA
§ Loading on Transformer-2=kVA2 = 250 / (522 + 250) x 3500 = 1134 kVA
§ Because the percent impedance is less in the 1000 kVA transformer,
it is overloaded with a less than combined rated load.
Case 5: Equal Impedance & KVA Unequal Ratios:
§ Small differences in voltage cause a
large amount of current to circulate. It is important to point out that
paralleled transformers should always be on the same tap connection.
§ Circulating current is completely independent of the load and load
division. If transformers are fully loaded there will be a considerable amount
of overheating due to circulating currents.
§ The Point which should be Remember that circulating currents do
not flow on the line, they cannot be measured if monitoring equipment is
upstream or downstream of the common connection points.
§ Example: Two 2000 kVA transformers
connected in parallel, each with 5.75% impedance, same X/R ratio (8),
transformer 1 with tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and transformer 2 tapped at
nominal. What is the percent circulating current (%IC)
§ %Z1 = 5.75, So %R’ = %Z1 / √[(X/R)2 + 1)] = 5.75 / √((8)2 +
1)=0.713
§ %R1 = %R2 = 0.713
§ %X1 = %R x (X/R)=%X1= %X2= 0.713 x 8 = 5.7
§ Let %e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of
normal and k = kVA1/ kVA2
§ Circulating current %IC = %eX100 / √ (%R1+k%R2)2 + (%Z1+k%Z2)2.
§ %IC = 2.5X100 / √ (0.713 + (2000/2000)X0.713)2 + (5.7 +
(2000/2000)X5.7)2
§ %IC = 250 / 11.7 = 21.7
§ The circulating current is 21.7% of the full load current.
Case 6: Unequal Impedance, KVA & Different Ratios:
§ This type of parameter would be
unlikely in practice.
§ If both the ratios and the impedance are different, the
circulating current (because of the unequal ratio) should be combined with each
transformer’s share of the load current to obtain the actual total current in
each unit.
§ For unity power factor, 10% circulating current (due to unequal
turn ratios) results in only half percent to the total current. At lower power
factors, the circulating current will change dramatically.
§ Example: Two transformers connected in parallel,
2000 kVA1 with 5.75% impedance, X/R ratio of 8, 1000 kVA2 with 4% impedance,
X/R ratio of 5, 2000 kVA1 with tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and 1000 kVA2
tapped at nominal.
§ %Z1 = 5.75, So %R’ = %Z1 / √[(X/R)2 + 1)] = 5.75 / √((8)2 +
1)=0.713
§ %X1= %R x (X/R)=0.713 x 8 = 5.7
§ %Z2= 4, So %R2 = %Z2 /√ [(X/R)2 + 1)]= 4 / √((5)2 + 1) =0.784
§ %X2 = %R x (X/R)=0.784 x 5 = 3.92
§ Let %e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of
normal and k = kVA1/ kVA2
§ Circulating current %IC = %eX100 / √ (%R1+k%R2)2 + (%Z1+k%Z2)2.
§ %IC = 2.5X100 / √ (0.713 + (2000/2000)X0.713)2 + (5.7 +
(2000/2000)X5.7)2
§ %IC = 250 / 13.73 = 18.21.
§ The circulating current is 18.21% of the full load current.
3. Same polarity:
§ Polarity of transformer means the instantaneous direction of
induced emf in secondary. If the instantaneous directions of induced secondary
emf in two transformers are opposite to each other when same input power is fed
to the both of the transformers, the transformers are said to be in opposite
polarity.
§ The transformers should be properly connected with regard to their
polarity. If they are connected with incorrect polarities then the two emfs,
induced in the secondary windings which are in parallel, will act together in
the local secondary circuit and produce a short circuit.
§ Polarity of all transformers run in parallel should be same
otherwise huge circulating current flows in the transformer but no load will be
fed from these transformers.
§ If the instantaneous directions of induced secondary emf in two
transformers are same when same input power is fed to the both of the
transformers, the transformers are said to be in same polarity.
4. Same phase sequence:
§ The phase sequence of line voltages of
both the transformers must be identical for parallel operation of three-phase
transformers. If the phase sequence is an incorrect, in every cycle each pair
of phases will get short-circuited.
§ This condition must be strictly followed for parallel operation of
transformers.
5. Same phase angle shift :( zero relative phase displacement between the secondary line voltages):
§ The transformer windings can be
connected in a variety of ways which produce different magnitudes and phase
displacements of the secondary voltage. All the transformer connections can be
classified into distinct vector groups.
§ Group 1: Zero phase displacement (Yy0, Dd0, Dz0)
Group 2:180° phase displacement (Yy6, Dd6, Dz6)
Group 3: -30° phase displacement (Yd1, Dy1, Yz1)
Group 4: +30° phase displacement (Yd11, Dy11, Yz11)
§ In order to have zero relative phase displacement of secondary
side line voltages, the transformers belonging to the same group can be
paralleled. For example, two transformers with Yd1 and Dy1 connections can be
paralleled.
§ The transformers of groups 1 and 2 can only be paralleled with
transformers of their own group. However, the transformers of groups 3 and 4
can be paralleled by reversing the phase sequence of one of them. For example,
a transformer with Yd1 1 connection (group 4) can be paralleled with that
having Dy1 connection (group 3) by reversing the phase sequence of both primary
and secondary terminals of the Dy1 transformer.
§ We can only parallel Dy1 and Dy11 by crossing two incoming phases
and the same two outgoing phases on one of the transformers, so if we have a
DY11 transformer we can cross B&C phases on the primary and secondary to
change the +30 degree phase shift into a -30 degree shift which will parallel
with the Dy1, assuming all the other points above are satisfied.
6. Same KVA ratings:
§ If two or more transformer is connected in parallel, then load
sharing % between them is according to their rating. If all are of same rating,
they will share equal loads
§ Transformers of unequal kVA ratings will share a load practically
(but not exactly) in proportion to their ratings, providing that the voltage
ratios are identical and the percentage impedances (at their own kVA rating)
are identical, or very nearly so in these cases a total of than 90% of the sum
of the two ratings is normally available.
§ It is recommended that transformers, the kVA ratings of which
differ by more than 2:1, should not be operated permanently in parallel.
§ Transformers having different kva ratings may operate in parallel,
with load division such that each transformer carries its proportionate share
of the total load To achieve accurate load division, it is necessary that the
transformers be wound with the same turns ratio, and that the percent impedance
of all transformers be equal, when each percentage is expressed on the kva base
of its respective transformer. It is also necessary that the ratio of
resistance to reactance in all transformers be equal. For satisfactory
operation the circulating current for any combinations of ratios and impedances
probably should not exceed ten percent of the full-load rated current of the
smaller unit.
7. Identical tap changer and its operation:
§ The only important point to be remembered is the tap changing
switches must be at same position for all the three transformers and should
check and confirm that the secondary voltages are same. When the voltage tap
need change all three tap changing switches should be operated identical for
all transformers. The OL settings of the SF6 also should be identical. If the substation
is operating on full load condition, tripping of one transformer can cause
cascade tripping of all three transformers.
§ In transformers Output Voltage can be controlled either by Off
Circuit Tap Changer (Manual tap changing) or By On – Load Tap Changer-OLTC
(Automatic Changing).
§ In the transformer with OLTC, it is a closed loop system, with
following components:
§ (1) AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator- an electronic programmable
device). With this AVR we can set the Output Voltage of the transformers. The
Output Voltage of the transformer is fed into the AVR through the LT Panel. The
AVR Compares the SET voltage & the Output Voltage and gives the error
signals, if any, to the OLTC through the RTCC Panel for tap changing. This AVR
is mounted in the RTCC.
§ (2) RTCC (Remote Tap Changing Cubicle): This is a panel consisting
of the AVR, Display for Tap Position, Voltage, and LEDs for Raise & Lower
of Taps relays, Selector Switches for Auto Manual Selection… In AUTO MODE the
voltage is controlled by the AVR. In manual Mode the operator can Increase /
decrease the voltage by changing the Taps manually through the Push Button in
the RTCC.
§ (3) OLTC is mounted on the transformer. It consists of a motor,
controlled by the RTCC, which changes the Taps in the transformers.
§ Both the Transformers should have same voltage ratio at all the
taps & when you run transformers in parallel, it should operate as same tap
position. If we have OLTC with RTCC panel, one RTCC should work as master &
other should work as follower to maintain same tap positions of Transformer.
§ However, a circulating current can be flown between the two tanks
if the impedances of the two transformers are different or if the taps of the
on-load tap changer (OLTC) are mismatched temporarily due to the mechanical
delay. The circulating current may cause the malfunction of protection relays.
Other necessary condition for parallel operation
1.
All parallel units must be
supplied from the same network.
2.
Secondary cabling from the transformers
to the point of paralling has approximately equal length and characteristics.
3.
Voltage difference between
corresponding phase must not exceed 0.4%
4.
When the transformers are
operated in parallel, the fault current would be very high on the secondary
side. Supposing percentage impedance of one transformer is say 6.25 %, the
short circuit MVA would be 25.6 MVA and short circuit current would be 35 kA.
5.
If the transformers are of same rating
and same percentage impedance, then the downstream short circuit current would
be 3 times (since 3 transformers are in Parallel) approximately 105 kA. This
means all the devices like ACBs, MCCBs, switch boards should withstand the
short-circuit current of 105 kA. This is the maximum current. This current will
get reduced depending on the location of the switch boards, cables and cable
length etc. However this aspect has to be taken into consideration.
6.
There should be Directional relays on
the secondary side of the transformers.
7.
The percent impedance of one
transformer must be between 92.5% and 107.5% of the other. Otherwise,
circulating currents between the two transformers would be excessive.
Summary of Parallel Operation of Transformer:
TransformerParallelConnection Types
|
Equal Loading
|
Unequal Loading
|
Overloading Current
|
Circulating Current
|
Recomm. connection
|
Equal Impedance & Ratio ,Same KVA
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
Yes
|
Equal Impedance & Ratio But different KVA
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
Yes
|
Unequal Impedance But Same Ratio& KVA
|
No
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
Unequal Impedance & KVA But Same Ratio
|
No
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
Unequal Impedance & Ratio But Same KVA
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
Unequal Impedance & Ratio & different KVA
|
No
|
No
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
The combinations that will operate in parallel:
§ Following Vector group of Transformer will operate in parallel.
Operative
Parallel Operation
|
||
Sr.No
|
Transformer-1
|
Transformer-2
|
1
|
∆∆
|
∆∆ or
Yy
|
2
|
Yy
|
Yy or
∆∆
|
3
|
∆y
|
∆y or
Y∆
|
4
|
Y∆
|
Y∆ or
∆y
|
§ Single-phase transformers can be connected to form 3-phase
transformer banks for 3-phase Power systems.
§ Four common methods of connecting three transformers for 3-phase
circuits are Δ-Δ, Y-Y, Y-Δ, and Δ-Y connections.
§ An advantage of Δ-Δ connection is that if one of the transformers fails or is removed
from the circuit, the remaining two can operate in the open-Δ or V connection. This way, the bank
still delivers 3-phase currents and voltages in their correct phase
relationship. However, the capacity of the bank is reduced to 57.7 % (1 3) of
its original value.
§ In the Y-Y connection, only 57.7% of the line voltage is applied
to each winding but full line current flows in each winding. The Y-Y connection
is rarely used.
§ The Δ-Y connection is used for stepping up voltages since the voltage
is increased by the transformer ratio multiplied by 3.
The combinations that will not operate in parallel:
§ Following Vector group of Transformer will not operate in
parallel.
Inoperative
Parallel Operation
|
||
Sr.No
|
Transformer-1
|
Transformer-2
|
1
|
∆∆
|
∆y
|
2
|
∆y
|
∆∆
|
3
|
Y∆
|
Yy
|
4
|
Yy
|
Y∆
|
To check Synchronization of Transformers:
§ Synchronization of Transformer can be checked by either of
following steps:
§ Checked by synchronizing relay & synchro scope.
§ If Secondary of Transformer is not LT Then we must use check
synchronizing relay & Commission the system properly. After connecting relay.
Relay must be charges with only 1 supply & check that relay is functioning
properly.
§ Synchronizing should be checked of both the supply voltages. This
can be checked directly with millimeter between L1 phases of Transformer 1 and
L1 phase of Transformer 2. Then L2 Phase of Transformer 1 and L2 Phase of
Transformer 2. Then L3 Phase of Transformer 1 and L3 Phase of Transformer 2. In
all the cases MultiMate should show 0 voltages theoretically. These checks must
be done at synchronizing breakers only. We have to also check that breaker out
going terminals are connected in such a way that L1 Terminals of both the
Breakers comes to same Main Bus bar of panel. Same for L2 & L3.
§ Best way to check synchronization on LT is charge complete panel
with 1 source up to outgoing terminals of another incoming breaker terminal.
Then just measure Voltage difference on Incoming & out going terminals of
Incoming Breaker. It should be near to 0.
§ To check circulating current Synchronize both the transformer
without outgoing load. Then check current. It will give you circulating
current.
Advantages of Transformer Parallel Operation:
1) Maximize
electrical system efficiency:
§ Generally electrical power transformer gives the maximum
efficiency at full load. If we run numbers of transformers in parallel, we can
switch on only those transformers which will give the total demand by running
nearer to its full load rating for that time.
§ When load increases we can switch no one by one other transformer
connected in parallel to fulfil the total demand. In this way we can run the
system with maximum efficiency.
2) Maximize
electrical system availability:
§ If numbers of transformers run in parallel we can take shutdown
any one of them for maintenance purpose. Other parallel transformers in
system will serve the load without total interruption of power.
3) Maximize
power system reliability:
§ If nay one of the transformers run in parallel, is tripped due to
fault other parallel transformers is the system will share the
load hence power supply may not be interrupted if the shared loads do not make
other transformers over loaded.
4) Maximize
electrical system flexibility:
§ There is a chance of increasing or decreasing future demand of
power system. If it is predicted that power demand will be increased in future,
there must be a provision of connecting transformers in system in parallel to
fulfil the extra demand because it is not economical from business point of
view to install a bigger rated single transformer by forecasting the increased
future demand as it is unnecessary investment of money.
§ Again if future demand is decreased, transformers running in
parallel can be removed from system to balance the capital investment and its
return.
Disadvantages of Transformer Parallel Operation:
§ Increasing short-circuit currents that increase necessary breaker
capacity.
§ The risk of circulating currents running from one transformer to
another Transformer. Circulating currents that diminish load capability and
increased losses.
§ The bus ratings could be too high.
§ Paralleling transformers reduces the transformer impedance
significantly, i.e. the parallel transformers may have very low impedance,
which creates the high short circuit currents.
Therefore, some current limiters are needed, e.g. reactors, fuses,
high impedance buses, etc
§ The control and protection of three units in parallel is more
complex.
§ It is not a common practice in this industry, since Main-tie-Main
is very common in this industry.
Conclusions:
§ Loading considerations for paralleling
transformers are simple unless kVA, percent impedances, or ratios are
different. When paralleled transformer turn ratios and percent impedances are
the same, equal load division will exist on each transformer. When paralleled
transformer kVA ratings are the same, but the percent impedances are different,
then unequal load division will occur.
§ The same is true for unequal percent impedances and unequal kVA.
Circulating currents only exist if the turn ratios do not match on each
transformer. The magnitude of the circulating currents will also depend on the
X/R ratios of the transformers. Delta-delta to delta-wye transformer
paralleling should not be attempted.
References
§ Say, M.G. The performance and design of alternating current
machines.
§ Application Guide, Loading of Transformer, Nashville, TN, USA.
§ Toro, V.D. Principles of electrical engineering.
§ Stevenson, W.D. Elements of power system analysis.
§ MIT Press, Magnetic circuits and transformers, John Wiley and
Sons.
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